The Lightning

Lightning is a natural phenomena that occur during rain,hurricane and Thunder storm. Its so fast and give out 100 million volts that can power thousand flux capacitor.So How lightning form? Lightning is a electrostatic charge that when negatively charge electron in cloud strike positively charge ground or earth. When negatively charge cloud finds a positive charge ground, its complete one loop by striking 30 microseconds.

during lightning strike, taller buildings,trees,or man get electrocuted. If a human get electrocuted by lightning strike,it can cause brain damaged,3rd degree burn,unconscious or paralyzed To prevent this we should take immediate shelter. How about taller building prevent getting lightning?

    Every tall building have lightning rod.The function of lightning rod is when lightning strike happen this rod will receive the strike and directly ground to earth. this will prevent buildings and power device prevent getting damaged. Basically the antenna will get strike by lightning and it will damaged electronic device like TV decoder. the antenna should the ground through earth conductor,The earth conductor is made of copper and aluminum that easily lightning strike can travel through the conductor.

Battery

Batteries are so important now in modern days. Without batteries, no other  electronic device can't get power to run. So now we look at types of battery.


Non-rechargeable Battery(alkaline battery)

Non rechargeable batteries are cheap,light and easy to use. It provide 1.5V,9V,12V to electronics device like TV remote. Inside these batteries contain negative electrodes that Zinc and Positive electrode are manganese (IV) oxide. When you add a bulb or LED the electron in positive will go through to negative then it will travel by carbon rod.

Mercury Batteries

 Mercury batteries are cheap,light and long last. It's provide 1.5V. It can be found in Calculator,Watch,toys and so on, they work similar ways like alkaline battery.

Lithium Ion battery 

This kind of battery found in phone,power bank,laptop,RC toys. This batteries can be recharge with fixed capacity that measure in mAh. This battery works by lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.




Lithium battery

Lithium battery are similar like mercury battery. The energy is provide by lithium that it's charge positive ions and negative ions. This kind of battery founded in computer's motherboard.



Automobile Battery

Automobile battery are use in cars to power lights,electronic device and so on. This battery also can power some electrical application in case of emergency or during blackout. This battery provide 12V.
Batteries are typically made of six galvanic cells in a series circuit. Each cell provides 2.1 volts for a total of 12.6 volts at full charge. Each cell of a lead storage battery consists of alternate plates of lead (cathode) and lead coated with lead dioxide (anode) immersed in an electrolyte of sulfuric acid solution.A 12 V lead-storage battery consists of six cells, each producing approximately 2 V. The actual standard cell potential is obtained from the standard reduction potentials. This causes a chemical reaction that releases electrons, allowing them to flow through conductors to produce electricity. As the battery discharges, the acid of the electrolyte reacts with the materials of the plates, changing their surface to lead sulfate. When the battery is recharged, the chemical reaction is reversed: the lead sulfate reforms into lead dioxide. With the plates restored to their original condition, the process may be repeated.(source : Wikipedia)

Common faults in battery

Basically normal battery won't get damaged unless it throw or use careless. In lithium
-ion battery get fault by overcharging. When the battery overcharged,electrons in the battery want to release,but when the electrons can't release,so the battery might get expand or explode. Lithium is reactive element in periodic table. if something damaged the overcharge battery,lithium will make the battery explode.

Plugs and Sockets.

Every electrical applications needs plugs and sockets. What are plugs and Sockets? Plugs are receive electrical current from sockets and Sockets are give input electrical current. When plugs and sockets connect,the electrical application will work. The wiring diagram of Plug and Socket shows that on Left Neutral is connect,Right Live are connect and The Top Earth connect. There are some safety features on plug Like Fuse. Fuse will protect from getting over current or more power point in a socket. Fuse Include with current rating amperes. A plug have 1A,3A,5A,10A and 13A. When these fuse break the electrical application will stop working and get protect from damage.

 

Color codes of wires

Not all wires have same colors. Some countries have different color codes depends on standards.The picture below show color codes on countries.

Series and parallel Circuit

                                                                 Series Circuit

In series circuit two or more resistor are add in on one line. In series circuit I (current) passing through the circuit is same. The potential difference V (voltage) across each resistor is directly proportional to the value of R (resistance)

Formula for series Circuit :

                         Parallel Circuit

In parallel circuit, resistor are arranged in two or more rows.The potential difference between V(voltage) to R(resistance) are the same.The I (current) passing through each resistor is inversely proportional to the value of R.

Formula for Parallel circuit :

The Electric Field

Electric filed is a surrounding charged both body where electrostatic force can be experienced.An electric field can be represented by filed lines in certain pattern.

The field line of small positive charge point radially outwards and small negative charge are radially inwards.

In figure a. one positive charge and one negative charge is attracted.but in figure b. Same charge are repelled itself.

Some patterns of the electric fields

The pattern of electric field lines of  force depends on the shape and the number of charged objects.

The following figure shows the some examples of the electric fields:

 

Effect of an Electric Field

A lighted candle is placed between to metal plates.

The voltage supply is switched on.

The flame is seen flatten and spreads out and more to the negative plate.

It is because the heat of burning candle produces positive and negative ions.

The positive ions which are heavier is pulled towards negative plate with a large force occupy a larger proportion of the flame.

Static electricty

Static electricity (also known as Electrostatics)  that are electric charge that don't move charges.
 Example, take a polythene rod and a dry woolen cloth. Rub the polythene rod with polythene rod. what will you see is electron (negatively charge) are pulled from woolen cloth to the polythene rod. The woolen cloth will positively charge. It's mean the polythene rod will gain electron and the woolen loose electron.

Electrostatics can be detected by using a gold leaf electroscope.

 

When a charge object touches the metal cap  at the top of electroscope,some of charges transfer to the gold leaf. If similar charges on the gold leaf, It will repel. when positively charge brought near to the metal cap,it will give more positive charge and diverges the gold leaf more. Electrons are attracted to the metal cap by postively charges on rod. The gold leaf and the metal plate have more postive charge,so the gold leaf will repelled.

Effect on static electricity.

Rub a balloon on a wool sweater. The balloon collects negative electrical charges on its surface and the wool collects positive charges. You can then stick the balloon to the wall, which does not have an excess of either charge. The balloon will also stick to the wool, although the charges may jump back to the original material in a short time.

 Most electronics are not harmed by the typical static charge that they would receive from a person touching. The main component affected by these devious charges are semiconductors. This is because they incorporate various delicate components, and when a negative charge is discharged onto it by virtue of static, it causes failures, as there is no conductor that can dissipate, hence causing damage.

like microchip, semi conductors. So people will wear ESD (electrostatic discharge)band.

  

How Electricity Works

Electricity works depends on how much current,voltage and resistance is given. Wait what is Voltage Current and Resistance?.
Voltage : Is an electrical potential. (V) S.I unit (E)
Current : Flow of electron to point to another point. (A) S.I unit (I)
Resistance : Reduce or block certain amount of current and through a conductor. (R) S.I unit (Ω)
So how current flow through a conductor with voltage and resistance?

We learn in science that atom consist three subatomic particle.That's
Proton (Positive Charge)
Neutron( No Charge)
Electron(Negative Charge)

When a certain amount of current and voltage give to a conductor, the voltage give potential to the current to complete a loop. Like this :

  When you add a resistor ( an electronic component) it will block or reduce an amount of current and voltage. The picture above show that resistance reduce the current but the voltage is still same with constant temperature.